![]() ![]() (a),(c),(e) SSH deviation from the ensemble mean and (b),(d),(f) SST for three ensemble members of the downwelling Kelvin wave experiment at day 45 0.01-m contours of the ensemble-mean SSH anomaly (only contours ≥0.02 m are shown) on every panel indicate the positive SSH anomaly of the downwelling Kelvin wave at this time. (g) Time series of ensemble average SSH from downwelling (red) and upwelling (black) experiments at −195° (solid) and −140☎ (dashed). As the mean flow is introduced, the mode acquires some small-scale structure, but the large-scale pattern remains the same. The corresponding wave speeds (m s −1) are indicated in the subplot titles. ![]() 2f) and for (d)–(f) the mean flow used is that at −140☎ in the eastern Pacific ( Fig. For (a)–(c), the mean flow and stratification used is that at −200☎ in the western Pacific ( Fig. (a)–(f) The zonal velocity of the first baroclinic mode Kelvin wave as a function of the mean flow strength α, where α = 0 indicates no mean flow and α = 1 indicates the full mean flow. Using estimates of the wavelength (1300 km), period (34 days), and the dispersion relation for barotropic Rossby waves gives a good prediction for the orientation of wave crests. The color scale in (a) is saturated to emphasize the wave signals poleward of ☑2° latitude. (c) Longitude–time plot of the deviation barotropic meridional velocity at 20°N. (a) SSH and (b) barotropic meridional velocity υ anomalies from the temporal mean on day 44 of the control simulation. The residual in (l) has a lower magnitude than these four main terms. The net TIWKE budget is dominated by creation of TIWKE through LSP in (b) and (e) and PE conversion in (c) and (f), removal of TIWKE by friction in (h), and radiation of energy out of the control volume by the pressure fluxes in (i). The contours in (d)–(l) are isopycnals at 0.5 kg m −3 spacing. The dashed lines show the control volume (7°S to 10°N, −150° to −110☎, top 244 m) over which each term is integrated, with the totals shown in the bottom right of (d)–(l). Latitude–depth plots of (d) TIWKE and (e)–(l) TIWKE energy budget terms integrated between the longitudes of −150° and −110☎. Longitude–latitude plots of (a) TIWKE, (b) LSP, and (c) conversion of mean PE into TIWKE from the control simulation integrated over the top 244 m. The contour interval is indicated at the top of (b),(d),(e), and (f). The black box in (c) indicates the control volume used for the TIWKE budget, and the magenta box indicates the Kelvin wave forcing region. (f) Meridional section of zonal velocity and density at −200☎. (e) Zonal section of zonal velocity and temperature at the equator. Meridional sections of (b) zonal velocity and density and (d) meridional velocity and salinity at −140☎. (a) SST and (c) surface eddy kinetic energy taken from the control simulation. (c) SST variance (red) and SSH anomalies from (a) and (b) averaged between −140° and −120☎. Several TIW phases are marked with magenta lines in (b). Black (gray) contours show positive (negative) perturbation SSH in both (a) and (b). Downwelling and upwelling Kelvin wave phases are marked with black dashed lines. The 3-day average SST anomalies are filtered with a 0.75° moving average in longitude and 3-day moving average in time. (b) TMI TRMM microwave satellite SST anomalies ( Wentz et al. Raw SSH anomalies are filtered with a 3.75° moving average in longitude and 15-day moving average in time. (a) SSH anomalies from AVISO altimetry data averaged between ☒° latitude in 20. ![]()
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